Appendix A: Biopotential and Transducer Signal Characteristics

Surface Electrode Measurements of Biopotentials

ECG
HFQRS
EEG
ECoG
EGG
EMG
EOG
EDA
ICG
IPG
Stimulus/Response
Nerve Conduction Velocity
Transducer Signals
Arbitrary Outputs
Blood Pressure
Thoracic Circumference (Respiration)
Skin Temperature
Evoked Responses
Auditory Brainstem Response (short latency)
Visual Evoked Response (middle latency)
Auditory Evoked Response (middle latency)
Somatosensory Evoked Potential
Steady State Evoked Potential
Event Related Potential (response after 50ms)
Mismatch Negativity
Contingent Negative Variation
Electroglottalgram (EGL)
Oxygen Saturation from Pulse Oximetry (SpO2)

Surface Electrode Measurements of Biopotentials – all reported biopotential values are for non-invasive surface electrodes, unless otherwise noted.

Setup table to indicate:

1. maximum signal (p-p)
2. typical signal levels (p-p)
3. bandwidth of signal

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

1. maximum signal: 5mV (p-p)
2. typical signal levels: 500uV-2000uV (p-p)
3. bandwidth of signal: 0.05-150Hz

High Frequency QRS (HFQRS)

1. maximum signal: 100uV (p-p)
2. typical signal levels: 5-30uV (p-p)
3. bandwidth of signal: 150-250Hz

Electroencephalogram (EEG) – surface of scalp

1. maximum signal: 200uV (p-p)
2. typical signal levels: 30-100uV (p-p)
3. bandwidth of signal: 0.01-100Hz
   • Slow Cortical Potentials: 0.01-3Hz
   • Delta: 0.5-4 Hz
   • Theta: 4-8 Hz
   • Alpha: 8-13 Hz
   • Beta: 13-30Hz
   • Gamma 30-100 Hz

Electrocorticogram (ECoG) – surface of brain

1. maximum signal: 1000uV (p-p)
2. typical signal levels: 50-200uV (p-p)
3. bandwidth of signal: 0.01-500Hz

Electrogastrogram (EGG):

Electrical Control Activity (ECA):

1. maximum signal: 1000uV (p-p)
2. typical signal levels: 100-300uV (p-p)
3. bandwidth of signal: 0.015Hz-0.30 Hz

Electrical Response Activity (ERA):

1. maximum signal: 1000uV (p-p)
2. typical signal levels: 100uV-300uV (p-p)
3. bandwidth of signal: 0.5-1.5Hz

Electromyogram (EMG)

1. maximum sEMG signal: 5mV (p-p)
2. typical sEMG signal levels: 500uV-2000uV (p-p)
3. bandwidth of sEMG signal: 5-500Hz (surface EMG: sEMG)
4. primary sEMG power: 20-200Hz
5. bandwidth of EMG, via wire/needle electrodes: 1-20,000Hz
6. typical EMG signal levels, via wire/needle electrodes: 50uV-50mV (p-p)

Electrooculogram (EOG)

1. maximum signal: 5mV (p-p)
2. typical signal levels: 500uV-2000uV (p-p)
3. bandwidth of signal: DC-100Hz

Electrodermal Activity (EDA)

1. maximum signal: 50uS (p-p)
2. typical signal levels: 1uS-10uS (p-p)
3. bandwidth of signal: DC-10Hz

Skin Potential Level and Response (SPL, SPR)

1. maximum signal: 100 mV
2. typical signal levels: -70 to +10 mV
3. bandwidth of signal: DC – 5 Hz

Impedance Cardiogram (ICG)

Zo:

1. maximum signal: 50 ohms
2. typical signal levels: females (25-35 ohms), males (15-30 ohms)
3. bandwidth of signal: DC-100 Hz

dZ:

1. maximum signal: 5 ohms/sec
2. typical signal levels: 0.8-3.5 ohms/sec
3. bandwidth of signal: DC-100 Hz

Typical ranges for other ICG parameters

left ventricular ejection time: 200-400msec
stroke volume: 60-120 ml/beat
cardiac output: 4000-9000 ml/minute

Impedance Plethysmography (IPG)

Z magnitude

1. signal range: 10-1000 ohms (12.5-100kHz)
2. typical signal levels: depends on body location
   • arms (75-150ohms)
   • legs (50-100ohms)
   • torso (10-50ohms)
3. bandwidth of signal: DC-100Hz

Z phase

1. signal range 0-45 degrees (12.5-100kHz)
2. typical signal levels: depends on body location
3. bandwidth of signal: DC-100Hz

Stimulus/Response

H-Reflex (H-wave, M-wave)

1. maximum signal: 10mV (p-p)
2. typical signal levels: 1000uV-5000uV (p-p)
3. bandwidth of signal: 10-500Hz

Nerve Conduction Velocity (Electroneurogram)

1. maximum signal: 100uV (p-p)
2. typical signal levels: 5uV-20uV (p-p)
3. bandwidth of signal: 100-3000Hz

Transducer Signals

Full (Wheatstone) Bridge

1. full scale range: 1mV/1V excitation
2. assuming 10V excitation, then 10mV maximum signal
3. bandwidth: DC coupling to 1000Hz

Arbitrary Outputs (Single Ended)

Signal level outputs are excitation dependent

1. respiration
2. pulse plethysmogram
3. temperature

Blood Pressure

Max Range:

1. systolic: 50-230mmHg
2. diastolic: 35-130mmHg
3. mean arterial pressure: 40-170mmHg

Normal Range:

1. systolic: 90-140mmHg
2. diastolic: 60-90mmHg
3. mean arterial pressure: 70-110 mmHg

Thoracic Circumference (maximum inspiration to expiration delta)

1. 1) men: mean delta – 6.5cm, range 1-8cm
2. 2) women: mean delta – 5.5cm, range 1-7cm

Skin Temperature

1. normal skin surface temperature: 32.8 deg C (91 deg F)
2. skin surface temperature range: 19-37 deg C
3. mean body temperature = 0.64·TCore + 0.36·TSkin

Evoked Responses

1. Short latency response (0-15ms), sample rate (10kHz)
2. Middle latency response (15-65ms), sample rate (2kHz)
3. Long latency response – cognitive components (65ms – 1000ms), sample rate (250Hz)
4. Very long latency response – CNV (2-10 seconds), sample rate (100Hz)

Auditory Brainstem Response (short latency)

1. bandwidth: 100Hz-3000Hz
2. amplitude range: 20nV-700nV (p-p)
3. recording length: 15ms
4. number of averages: 2000-3000
5. stimulation: auditory click or tone pip
6. stimulation rate: typically 11Hz, range: (1-200Hz)

Visual Evoked Response (middle latency)

1. bandwidth: 1Hz-100Hz
2. amplitude range: 2uV-25uV (p-p)
3. recording length: 1000ms
4. number of averages: 100-500
5. stimulation: light pulse (flash) or checkerboard (pattern)
6. stimulation rate: 1-10Hz

Auditory Evoked Response (middle latency)

1. bandwidth: 1Hz-100Hz
2. amplitude range: 0.2uV-5uV (p-p)
3. recording length: 1000ms
4. number of averages: 500-1000
5. stimulation: auditory click or tone pip
6. stimulation rate: 1-10Hz

Somatosensory Evoked Potential

1. bandwidth: 5Hz-3000Hz
2. amplitude range: 0.2uV-5uV (p-p)
3. recording length: 100ms
4. number of averages: 500-2000
5. stimulation: constant current or voltage pulse (100-300usec)
6. stimulation rate: 3-5Hz

Steady State Evoked Potential

1. bandwidth: 1Hz-100Hz
2. amplitude range: 2uV-20uV (p-p)
3. recording length: 500ms
4. number of averages: 100-500
5. peak response: typically 40Hz
6. stimulation: constant auditory tone (monaural or binaural)

Event Related Potential (response after 50ms)

[N/P] Tests (P50, N100, P200, N200, P300, N300, N400, P600)

1. bandwidth: 0.1Hz-30Hz
2. amplitude range: 1uV-20uV (p-p)
3. recording length: 1000ms
4. number of averages: 100-500
5. stimulation: protocol dependent (auditory or visual)

Mismatch Negativity

1. bandwidth: 0.1-30Hz
2. amplitude range: 0.5uV-5uV (p-p)
3. recording length: 500ms
4. number of averages: 100-500
5. stimulation: auditory tones

Contingent Negative Variation

1. bandwidth: 0.01-30Hz
2. amplitude range: 1uV-20uV (p-p)
3. recording length: 10 seconds
4. number of averages: 50-100
5. stimulation: auditory tones
6. stimulation rate: 0.5-2Hz

Electroglottalgram (EGL)

1. bandwidth: 50Hz-500Hz
2. impedance range: 100ohms-500ohms

Oxygen Saturation from Pulse Oximetry (SpO2)

Adults at Sea Level:

1. normal range: 96-99%
2. mild hypoxia: 81-95%
3. moderate hypoxia: 61-80%
4. severe hypoxia: 40-60%
5. extreme hypoxia: < 40%