Surface Electrode Measurements of Biopotentials
ECG
HFQRS
EEG
ECoG
EGG
EMG
EOG
EDA
ICG
IPG
Stimulus/Response
Nerve Conduction Velocity
Transducer Signals
Arbitrary Outputs
Blood Pressure
Thoracic Circumference (Respiration)
Skin Temperature
Evoked Responses
Electroglottalgram (EGL)
Surface Electrode Measurements of Biopotentials – all reported biopotential values are for non-invasive surface electrodes, unless otherwise noted.
Setup table to indicate:
- maximum signal (p-p)
- typical signal levels (p-p)
- bandwidth of signal
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
- maximum signal: 5mV (p-p)
- typical signal levels: 500uV-2000uV (p-p)
- bandwidth of signal: 0.05-150Hz
High Frequency QRS (HFQRS)
- maximum signal: 100uV (p-p)
- typical signal levels: 5-30uV (p-p)
- bandwidth of signal: 150-250Hz
Electroencephalogram (EEG) – surface of scalp
- maximum signal: 200uV (p-p)
- typical signal levels: 30-100uV (p-p)
- bandwidth of signal: 0.01-100Hz
- Slow Cortical Potentials: 0.01-3Hz
- Delta: 0.5-4 Hz
- Theta: 4-8 Hz
- Alpha: 8-13 Hz
- Beta: 13-30Hz
- Gamma 30-100 Hz
Electrocorticogram (ECoG) – surface of brain
- maximum signal: 1000uV (p-p)
- typical signal levels: 50-200uV (p-p)
- bandwidth of signal: 0.01-500Hz
Electrogastrogram (EGG):
Electrical Control Activity (ECA):
- maximum signal: 1000uV (p-p)
- typical signal levels: 100-300uV (p-p)
- bandwidth of signal: 0.015Hz-0.30 Hz
Electrical Response Activity (ERA):
- maximum signal: 1000uV (p-p)
- typical signal levels: 100uV-300uV (p-p)
- bandwidth of signal: 0.5-1.5Hz
Electromyogram (EMG)
- maximum sEMG signal: 5mV (p-p)
- typical sEMG signal levels: 500uV-2000uV (p-p)
- bandwidth of sEMG signal: 5-500Hz (surface EMG: sEMG)
- primary sEMG power: 20-200Hz
- bandwidth of EMG, via wire/needle electrodes: 1-20,000Hz
- typical EMG signal levels, via wire/needle electrodes: 50uV-50mV (p-p)
Electrooculogram (EOG)
- maximum signal: 5mV (p-p)
- typical signal levels: 500uV-2000uV (p-p)
- bandwidth of signal: DC-100Hz
Electrodermal Activity (EDA)
- maximum signal: 50uS (p-p)
- typical signal levels: 1uS-10uS (p-p)
- bandwidth of signal: DC-10Hz
Skin Potential Level and Response (SPL, SPR)
- maximum signal: 100 mV
- typical signal levels: -70 to +10 mV
- bandwidth of signal: DC – 5 Hz
Impedance Cardiogram (ICG)
Zo:
- maximum signal: 50 ohms
- typical signal levels: females (25-35 ohms), males (15-30 ohms)
- bandwidth of signal: DC-100 Hz
dZ:
- maximum signal: 5 ohms/sec
- typical signal levels: 0.8-3.5 ohms/sec
- bandwidth of signal: DC-100 Hz
Typical ranges for other ICG parameters
left ventricular ejection time: 200-400msec
stroke volume: 60-120 ml/beat
cardiac output: 4000-9000 ml/minute
Impedance Plethysmography (IPG)
Z magnitude
- signal range: 10-1000 ohms (12.5-100kHz)
- typical signal levels: depends on body location
- arms (75-150ohms)
- legs (50-100ohms)
- torso (10-50ohms)
- bandwidth of signal: DC-100Hz
Z phase
- signal range 0-45 degrees (12.5-100kHz)
- typical signal levels: depends on body location
- bandwidth of signal: DC-100Hz
Stimulus/Response
H-Reflex (H-wave, M-wave)
- maximum signal: 10mV (p-p)
- typical signal levels: 1000uV-5000uV (p-p)
- bandwidth of signal: 10-500Hz
Nerve Conduction Velocity (Electroneurogram)
- maximum signal: 100uV (p-p)
- typical signal levels: 5uV-20uV (p-p)
- bandwidth of signal: 100-3000Hz
Transducer Signals
Full (Wheatstone) Bridge
- full scale range: 1mV/1V excitation
- assuming 10V excitation, then 10mV maximum signal
- bandwidth: DC coupling to 1000Hz
Arbitrary Outputs (Single Ended)
Signal level outputs are excitation dependent
- respiration
- pulse plethysmogram
- temperature
Blood Pressure
Max Range:
- systolic: 50-230mmHg
- diastolic: 35-130mmHg
- mean arterial pressure: 40-170mmHg
Normal Range:
- systolic: 90-140mmHg
- diastolic: 60-90mmHg
- mean arterial pressure: 70-110 mmHg
Thoracic Circumference (maximum inspiration to expiration delta)
- 1) men: mean delta – 6.5cm, range 1-8cm
- 2) women: mean delta – 5.5cm, range 1-7cm
Skin Temperature
- normal skin surface temperature: 32.8 deg C (91 deg F)
- skin surface temperature range: 19-37 deg C
- mean body temperature = 0.64·TCore + 0.36·TSkin
Evoked Responses
- Short latency response (0-15ms), sample rate (10kHz)
- Middle latency response (15-65ms), sample rate (2kHz)
- Long latency response – cognitive components (65ms – 1000ms), sample rate (250Hz)
- Very long latency response – CNV (2-10 seconds), sample rate (100Hz)
Auditory Brainstem Response (short latency)
- bandwidth: 100Hz-3000Hz
- amplitude range: 20nV-700nV (p-p)
- recording length: 15ms
- number of averages: 2000-3000
- stimulation: auditory click or tone pip
- stimulation rate: typically 11Hz, range: (1-200Hz)
Visual Evoked Response (middle latency)
- bandwidth: 1Hz-100Hz
- amplitude range: 2uV-25uV (p-p)
- recording length: 1000ms
- number of averages: 100-500
- stimulation: light pulse (flash) or checkerboard (pattern)
- stimulation rate: 1-10Hz
Auditory Evoked Response (middle latency)
- bandwidth: 1Hz-100Hz
- amplitude range: 0.2uV-5uV (p-p)
- recording length: 1000ms
- number of averages: 500-1000
- stimulation: auditory click or tone pip
- stimulation rate: 1-10Hz
Somatosensory Evoked Potential
- bandwidth: 5Hz-3000Hz
- amplitude range: 0.2uV-5uV (p-p)
- recording length: 100ms
- number of averages: 500-2000
- stimulation: constant current or voltage pulse (100-300usec)
- stimulation rate: 3-5Hz
Steady State Evoked Potential
- bandwidth: 1Hz-100Hz
- amplitude range: 2uV-20uV (p-p)
- recording length: 500ms
- number of averages: 100-500
- peak response: typically 40Hz
- stimulation: constant auditory tone (monaural or binaural)
Event Related Potential (response after 50ms)
[N/P] Tests (P50, N100, P200, N200, P300, N300, N400, P600)
- bandwidth: 0.1Hz-30Hz
- amplitude range: 1uV-20uV (p-p)
- recording length: 1000ms
- number of averages: 100-500
- stimulation: protocol dependent (auditory or visual)
Mismatch Negativity
- bandwidth: 0.1-30Hz
- amplitude range: 0.5uV-5uV (p-p)
- recording length: 500ms
- number of averages: 100-500
- stimulation: auditory tones
Contingent Negative Variation
- bandwidth: 0.01-30Hz
- amplitude range: 1uV-20uV (p-p)
- recording length: 10 seconds
- number of averages: 50-100
- stimulation: auditory tones
- stimulation rate: 0.5-2Hz
Electroglottalgram (EGL)
- bandwidth: 50Hz-500Hz
- impedance range: 100ohms-500ohms
Oxygen Saturation from Pulse Oximetry (SpO2)
Adults at Sea Level:
- normal range: 96-99%
- mild hypoxia: 81-95%
- moderate hypoxia: 61-80%
- severe hypoxia: 40-60%
- extreme hypoxia: < 40%
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General Biosignal Characteristics
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Electrodermal Activity - excellent reference with models and attachment points
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Electrogastrography
- http://www.motilitysociety.org/clinician/manuscripts/electrogastrography.pdf
- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24662473
- http://marilynschlitz.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Gut-Feelings-Intuition-and-Emotions-An-Exploratory-Study.pdf
- http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/83662/17349749.pdf?sequence=1
- https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3957948_Non-invasive_gastric_motility_monitor_fast_electrogastrogram_fEGG
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H-Reflex (M-wave, H-wave) - page 143 (18 of 63)
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EMG Guidelines
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EMG Bandwidths
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EEG
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ECoG
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Slow Cortical Potentials
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Blood Pressure:
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Thoracic Circumference
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Temperature
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ABR
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VER and AER
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General information on evoked responses
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Guidelines for somatosensory evoked potentials
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Guidelines for auditory evoked potentials
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Guidelines for visual evoked potentials
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Tutorial on Event Related Potentials